a) 劣 -> 加 -> 吐 -> 坂
劣 RETSU, oto(ru) - be inferior
加 KA, kuwa(eru), kuwa(waru) - add, append, join, take part
吐 TOU, ha(ku) - spew, vomit, give vent to
坂 HAN, saka - slope, hill
b) 要 -> 如 -> 員 -> 販
要 YOU, i(ru) - essential(s) need
如 JO, NYO - equal, like, as, as if
員 IN - member
販 HAN - sell