a) 章 -> 古 -> 吟 -> 含
章 SHOU - chapter, badge, mark
古 KO, furu(i) - old
吟 GIN - sing, chant, recite
含 GAN, fuku(mu), fuku(meru) - hold, include, contain
b)案 -> 棋 -> 期 -> 肥
案 AN - plan, proposal
棋 KI - go, shogi, Japanese chess
期 KI, GO - time, period, term
肥 HI, koe, ko(yashi), ko(yasu) - manure, fertilizer, grow fat