a) 粒 -> 音 -> 量 -> 黒
粒 RYUU, tsubu - a grain
音 ON, IN, oto, ne - sound
量 RYOU, haka(ru) - quantity, measure, weigh
黒 The "Kuro" radical - black
b) 章 -> 古 -> 吟 -> 念
章 SHOU - chapter, badge, mark
古 KO, furu(i) - old
吟 GIN - sing, chant, recite
念 NEN - thought, concern