a) 章 -> 古 -> 吐 -> 増
章 SHOU - chapter, badge, mark
古 KO, furu(i) - old
吐 TOU, ha(ku) - spew, vomit, give vent to
増 ZOU, ma(su), fu(eru), fu(yasu) - increase, rise, raise
b) 翌 -> 音 -> 明 -> 腕
翌 YOKU - next, following
音 ON, IN, oto, ne - sound
明 MEI, MYOU, aka(rui), a(keru) - bright
腕 WAN, ude - arm, ability, talent, skill