a) 針 -> 古 -> 呈 -> 球
針 SHIN, hari - needle
古 KO, furu(i) - old
呈 TEI - offer, present, exhibit
球 KYUU, tama - ball, sphere
b) 翌 -> 音 -> 昭 -> 召
翌 YOKU - next, following
音 ON, IN, oto, ne - sound
昭 SHOU - bright, clear
召 SHOU, me(su) - summon, wear, take