a) 菓 -> 柱 -> 素 -> 絡
菓 KA - cake, fruit
柱 CHUU, hashira - pillar, column, pole
素 SO, SU - element, naked, simple
絡 RAKU, kara(mu), kara(maru) - be entangled
b) 努 -> 加 -> 呈 -> 球
努 DO, tsuto(meru) - exert self, make efforts, strive
加 KA, kuwa(eru), kuwa(waru) - add, append, join, take part
呈 TEI - offer, present, exhibit
球 KYUU, tama - ball, sphere