a) 案 -> 棋 -> 碁 -> 砂
案 AN - plan, proposal
棋 KI - go, shogi, Japanese chess
碁 GO - go (board game)
砂 SA, SHA, suna - sand
b) 篤 -> 駐 -> 素 -> 結
篤 TOKU - serious, cordial
駐 CHUU - stop, reside
素 SO, SU - element, naked, simple
結 KETSU, musu(bu), yu(u) - tie up, bind