a) 粒 -> 音 -> 明 -> 距
粒 RYUU, tsubu - a grain
音 ON, IN, oto, ne - sound
明 MEI, MYOU, aka(rui), a(keru) - bright
距 KYO - distance
b) 炎 -> 畑 -> 累 -> 繕
炎 EN, honou - flame
畑 hatake - cultivated field
累 RUI - involvement, trouble, accumulation
繕 ZEN, tsukuro(u) - repair, mend