a) 章 -> 古 -> 呈 -> 現
章 SHOU - chapter, badge, mark
古 KO, furu(i) - old
呈 TEI - offer, present, exhibit
現 GEN, arawa(reru), arawa(su) - present, appear, show
b) 針 -> 古 -> 吐 -> 地
針 SHIN, hari - needle
古 KO, furu(i) - old
吐 TOU, ha(ku) - spew, vomit, give vent to
地 CHI, JI - earth, land