Answer:
Some have connections to their meaning, but most are phonetic.
印 IN, shirushi - stamp, seal, sign, mark - India
越 ETSU, ko(su), ko(eru) - cross, go over, exceed - Vietnam
伯 HAKU - eldest brother, count, earl - Brazil
氷 HYOU, kouri, hi, kou(ru) - ice, freeze - Iceland
波 HA, nami - wave - Poland