Answer:
a) 菓 -> 棋 -> 基 -> 坂
菓 KA - cake, fruit
棋 KI - go, shogi, Japanese chess
基 KI, moto, motoi - basis, foundation
坂 HAN, saka - slope, hill
b) 柔 -> 柱 -> 素 -> 紙
柔 JUU, NYUU, yawa(rakai) - soft
柱 CHUU, hashira - pillar, column, pole
素 SO, SU - element, naked, simple
紙 SHI, kami - paper