Answer:
a) 計 -> 古 -> 吐 -> 坂
計 KEI, haka(ru), haka(rau) - plan, total, measure
古 KO, furu(i) - old
吐 TOU, ha(ku) - spew, vomit, give vent to
坂 HAN, saka - slope, hill
b) 動 -> 加 -> 吟 -> 念
動 DOU , ugo(ku) - move
加 KA, kuwa(eru), kuwa(waru) - add, append, join, take part
吟 GIN - sing, chant, recite
念 NEN - thought, concern