Answer:
a) 努 -> 加 -> 吐 -> 堀
努 DO, tsuto(meru) - exert self, make efforts, strive
加 KA, kuwa(eru), kuwa(waru) - add, append, join, take part
吐 TOU, ha(ku) - spew, vomit, give vent to
堀 hori - moat, canal, ditch
b) 婆 -> 如 -> 員 -> 贈
婆 BA - old woman
如 JO, NYO - equal, like, as, as if
員 IN - member
贈 ZOU, SOU, oku(ru) - give, present, bestow