Answer:
a) 祖 -> 助 -> 加 -> 鳴
祖 SO - ancestor
助 JO , tasu(keru), suke - help, rescue, assistance
加 KA, kuwa(eru), kuwa(waru) - add, append, join, take part
鳴 MEI, na(ku), na(ru)(rasu) - cry, sing, howl, ring
b) 針 -> 古 -> 員 -> 贈
針 SHIN, hari - needle
古 KO, furu(i) - old
員 IN - member
贈 ZOU, SOU, oku(ru) - give, present, bestow