Answer:
日 JITSU, hi, ka - Sun, Day
月 GETSU, GATSU, tsuki - moon
火 KA, hi - fire
水 SUI, mizu - water
木 MOKU, BOKU, ki - tree
金 金 KIN, kane - money, metal, gold
土 DO, tsuchi - ground
These characters represent the bodies in the solar system, and in order from the sun, they are;
日 - 日 (Hi)/太陽 (taiyou), the Sun
水 - 水星 (Suisei), Mercury (星 - SEI, hoshi - star)
金 - 金星 (Kinsei), Venus
月 - ,月 (Tsuki) the Moon, which is the odd one out, because it orbits;
地 - 地球 (Chikyuu), the Earth
火 - 火星 (Kasei), Mars
木 - 木星 (Mokusei), Jupiter
土 - 土星 (Dosei), Saturn
天 - then there's 天王星 (Tennousei), Uranus (from 天 - TEN, ama - sky; and 王 - OU - king)
海 - 海王星 (Kaiousei), Neptune (from 海 - KAI, umi - Sea)
冥 - and let's not forget 冥王星 (Meiousei), Pluto! (from 冥 - MEI, MYOU, kurai - dark)